\subsection*{Practice 4.1: IoT Fundamentals and Network Architecture (Subtemas 4.1 y 4.2)}

\begin{objetivopractica}
The student will explore the Internet of Things concept by identifying IoT devices in their environment and examining the key components and architecture of IoT networks. This practice will demonstrate the scope of IoT technology and how devices, gateways, and cloud services work together to provide end-to-end IoT solutions.
\end{objetivopractica}

The practice begins with the student conducting a survey of IoT devices in their immediate environment. They identify smartphones, smart TVs, wireless speakers, fitness trackers, and other connected devices that participate in the Internet of Things ecosystem.

\definicion{Internet of Things}{A network of physical devices embedded with sensors, software, and connectivity that enables data collection and exchange}

The student documents each IoT device they find by recording its function, connectivity method, and the type of data it collects or shares. This inventory helps illustrate the diversity of devices that comprise modern IoT implementations.

% \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{figuras/captura41_iot_devices.png}

The practice includes examining IoT device network connections using their computer's network scanning tools. The student identifies IoT devices connected to their local network and observes their network traffic patterns using basic monitoring techniques.

\definicion{IoT device}{A physical object embedded with sensors, processors, and communication capabilities that connects to networks}

The student uses Wireshark to capture network traffic from IoT devices and examines the types of data these devices transmit. They observe periodic status updates, sensor readings, and control messages that characterize IoT communication.

The practice includes researching different IoT application domains by examining smart home devices, wearable technology, industrial sensors, and environmental monitoring systems. The student understands how IoT spans multiple industry sectors.

% \href{https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XXXXXXX}{IoT fundamentals and architecture}

The student investigates IoT device categories by classifying devices based on their primary functions: sensing devices that collect environmental data, actuator devices that control physical systems, and gateway devices that connect other IoT devices to networks.

\definicion{sensor}{A device that detects and measures physical phenomena such as temperature, motion, or light}

\definicion{actuator}{A device that receives control signals and performs physical actions such as opening valves or adjusting settings}

The practice transitions to IoT architecture examination with the student creating a conceptual IoT network architecture using GNS3 to represent the different layers and components of a typical IoT system.

\definicion{IoT architecture}{The structured framework that defines how IoT devices, networks, and applications interact to provide end-to-end IoT solutions}

% \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{figuras/captura41_iot_architecture.png}

The student creates the device layer by placing multiple PC devices in GNS3 that represent IoT sensors and actuators. These devices simulate temperature sensors, motion detectors, and smart switches that collect environmental data and control physical systems.

\definicion{device layer}{The IoT architecture layer containing physical devices with sensors, actuators, and basic processing capabilities}

The practice includes creating the connectivity layer by adding network infrastructure devices such as wireless access points, switches, and routers that provide communication pathways for IoT devices. The student configures basic connectivity between device and network layers.

\definicion{connectivity layer}{The IoT architecture layer providing network infrastructure for device communication}

The student simulates an IoT gateway by configuring a router device that aggregates data from multiple IoT devices and provides protocol translation services. The gateway represents the bridge between local IoT devices and wide area networks.

\definicion{IoT gateway}{A device that connects local IoT devices to external networks and provides protocol translation and data aggregation services}

% \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{figuras/captura41_data_flow.png}

The practice includes examining data collection patterns by configuring simulated IoT devices to generate periodic status updates and sensor readings. The student observes how IoT networks handle continuous streams of small data packets.

The student investigates edge computing concepts by understanding how some data processing occurs close to IoT devices rather than in centralized cloud systems. They learn how edge processing reduces latency and bandwidth requirements.

\definicion{edge computing}{Data processing that occurs near the source of data generation rather than in centralized cloud facilities}

The practice includes examining IoT data flow by tracing how sensor data moves from devices through gateways and networks to reach application systems. The student documents the complete data journey from source to destination.

The student explores cloud service integration by understanding how IoT data reaches cloud-based applications for storage, analysis, and visualization. They research major IoT cloud platforms and their service offerings.

\definicion{IoT cloud platform}{A cloud-based service that provides data storage, processing, and application development capabilities for IoT systems}

The practice includes examining IoT scalability considerations by understanding how IoT architectures must support thousands or millions of devices while maintaining performance and reliability. The student learns about distributed system design principles.

The practice concludes with the student creating a comprehensive IoT architecture diagram that shows all major components and their relationships. They document how each layer contributes to overall IoT system functionality and understand the complexity of modern IoT implementations.

\begin{rubrica}
The student must submit a report containing clear evidence of completing the practice. The document should include screenshots, explanations of observations, and reflection on the learning achieved. The submission must demonstrate that the student understood the concept and was able to apply it with the indicated software.
\end{rubrica}

\subsection*{Suggested Report Format}

\textbf{Title:} Practice 4.1 - IoT Fundamentals and Network Architecture \\
\textbf{Objective:} Written by the student according to what they understood. \\
\textbf{Development:} Clear narration of actions performed. \\
\textbf{Evidence:} Screenshots or other data obtained. \\
\textbf{Conclusions:} Technical reflection on what was learned. \\
\textbf{Personal Opinion:} Student's free opinion about the usefulness or difficulty of the practice.