\subsection*{Practice 4.2: IoT Applications and Communication Protocols (Subtemas 4.3 y 4.4)}

\begin{objetivopractica}
The student will investigate real-world IoT applications across smart homes, cities, healthcare, and industry while examining common IoT communication protocols including MQTT, CoAP, and Zigbee. This practice will demonstrate how IoT technology addresses practical challenges and how specialized protocols support IoT device communication requirements.
\end{objetivopractica}

The practice begins with the student researching smart home IoT applications by identifying connected devices that provide home automation, security, and energy management services. They examine smart thermostats, security cameras, door locks, and lighting systems.

\definicion{smart home}{A residence equipped with IoT devices that provide automated control and monitoring of home systems}

The student investigates smart home connectivity by examining how devices communicate through home networks and internet connections. They use network scanning tools to identify smart home devices on local networks and observe their communication patterns.

% \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{figuras/captura42_smart_home.png}

The practice includes examining smart home control systems by researching voice assistants, smartphone applications, and centralized home automation platforms that coordinate multiple IoT devices. The student understands how integration creates seamless user experiences.

\definicion{home automation}{The use of IoT technology to automatically control home systems such as lighting, heating, and security}

The student explores smart city applications by researching traffic management systems, environmental monitoring, waste management, and public safety implementations that use IoT technology to improve urban services.

The practice includes investigating smart city sensors by examining air quality monitors, traffic flow sensors, noise level detectors, and parking space monitors that collect data about urban conditions. The student understands how cities use IoT data for decision making.

\definicion{smart city}{An urban area that uses IoT technology to improve efficiency, sustainability, and quality of life for residents}

% \href{https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XXXXXXX}{IoT applications and protocols}

The student examines healthcare IoT applications by researching wearable fitness trackers, remote patient monitoring devices, and medical sensors that collect health-related data. They understand how IoT supports preventive healthcare and chronic disease management.

The practice includes investigating telemedicine systems that use IoT devices to enable remote healthcare delivery. The student learns how connected medical devices support diagnosis and treatment from distant locations.

\definicion{telemedicine}{Healthcare services delivered remotely using telecommunications and IoT technology}

\definicion{remote monitoring}{The use of IoT devices to collect and transmit patient health data from outside traditional healthcare facilities}

% \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{figuras/captura42_healthcare_iot.png}

The student explores industrial IoT applications by researching manufacturing automation, predictive maintenance, supply chain tracking, and quality control systems that use connected sensors and actuators.

The practice includes examining industrial sensors that monitor equipment temperature, vibration, pressure, and performance metrics. The student understands how IoT enables predictive maintenance that prevents equipment failures.

\definicion{Industrial IoT}{The use of IoT technology in manufacturing and industrial processes to improve efficiency and reduce costs}

\definicion{predictive maintenance}{Using IoT sensor data to predict when equipment maintenance is needed before failures occur}

The practice transitions to IoT communication protocols with the student researching MQTT protocol characteristics. They understand how this lightweight messaging protocol enables efficient communication between IoT devices and applications through its publish-subscribe architecture.

\definicion{MQTT}{Message Queuing Telemetry Transport - a lightweight messaging protocol designed for IoT device communication}

% \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{figuras/captura42_mqtt_architecture.png}

The student investigates MQTT broker functionality by researching how brokers receive messages from publishing devices and distribute them to subscribing applications. They understand how this decoupled communication model supports scalable IoT systems.

\definicion{publish-subscribe}{A messaging pattern where devices publish messages to topics and applications subscribe to receive messages about specific topics}

\definicion{MQTT broker}{A server that receives messages from publishers and distributes them to subscribers based on topic matching}

The practice includes examining MQTT message structure by analyzing topic hierarchies, quality of service levels, and payload formats used in IoT communications. The student understands how MQTT optimizes bandwidth usage for resource-constrained devices.

The student explores CoAP protocol characteristics by researching how this web-based protocol enables RESTful communication for IoT devices. They examine how CoAP provides HTTP-like functionality with reduced overhead for constrained devices.

\definicion{CoAP}{Constrained Application Protocol - a web transfer protocol designed for IoT devices with limited processing and memory capabilities}

The practice includes comparing CoAP and HTTP by examining message size, connection requirements, and resource usage. The student understands how CoAP provides web services functionality while accommodating IoT device limitations.

% \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{figuras/captura42_protocol_comparison.png}

The student investigates Zigbee protocol characteristics by researching how this mesh networking protocol enables low-power communication between IoT devices. They examine Zigbee's network topology and self-healing capabilities.

\definicion{Zigbee}{A low-power wireless communication protocol that creates mesh networks for IoT device connectivity}

\definicion{mesh networking}{A network topology where devices connect to multiple neighbors, providing redundant communication paths}

The practice includes examining protocol selection criteria by understanding how application requirements, device capabilities, network infrastructure, and cost considerations influence IoT protocol choices for different implementations.

The practice concludes with the student creating a comprehensive analysis that matches IoT applications with appropriate communication protocols based on their specific requirements. They understand how different protocols serve various IoT use cases and constraints.

\begin{rubrica}
The student must submit a report containing clear evidence of completing the practice. The document should include screenshots, explanations of observations, and reflection on the learning achieved. The submission must demonstrate that the student understood the concept and was able to apply it with the indicated software.
\end{rubrica}

\subsection*{Suggested Report Format}

\textbf{Title:} Practice 4.2 - IoT Applications and Communication Protocols \\
\textbf{Objective:} Written by the student according to what they understood. \\
\textbf{Development:} Clear narration of actions performed. \\
\textbf{Evidence:} Screenshots or other data obtained. \\
\textbf{Conclusions:} Technical reflection on what was learned. \\
\textbf{Personal Opinion:} Student's free opinion about the usefulness or difficulty of the practice.